The band ratio method of Remote Sensing depicts spectral reflectance variation base on the different brightness values, and these differences occurred mainly due to topography, shadow and aspect which are taken care of by the band rationing method and in turn reducing the effects of environmental conditions (Goetz, Rock and Rowan 1983). It is on this vein that this paper discusses the clay detection of Mubi region using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The use of remote sensing in mineral deposits detection is today a generally acceptable means all over the world. The multispectral satellite systems are designed to investigate natural resources which focus on vegetation coverage, lithology and mineral exploration. It gives the spatial and integrated perspective of different land features, the multispectral high resolution data and digital image processing techniques has enhance the potential of RS in delineating the lithology and geological structures in detail with better accuracy. One major advantages of Remote Sensing is in the synoptic view of large coverage that it provides. In most of inaccessible areas due to thick forest and terrain, mapping of lithology and alteration zones always posed a challenge on the process (Prost 1980). In the previous years, geological maps are prepared using conventional ground survey method based on field observation but the development of image processing changed thee mapping procedures (Abrams, Brown Sadowski 1983). Alteration provides mineral deposits that vary by virtue of their locations, degree and longevity of the process. Remote sensing produce information on the properties of exploration targets of the surface. The financial enrichment and regional growth enhanced by mineral deposits cannot be over emphasized. Introduction The passion for mineral deposits has become a task engaged in by individuals and government at large. The hydrothermal alteration zone using satellite images is restricted to the area covered by the deposits’ but the quantity and types of clay deposit within the spatial location cannot be quantify by this method.ġ. Hence, study revealed that the spatial distribution of altered mineral deposites can be effectively mapped using remote sensing techniques thereby reducing the cost of mapping using the conventional methods. Field surveys of alteration zones were chosen as a training site for this purpose and classes of alteration were quantified using the classification distribution summary of which clay covers 64.647% of the total area, iron-oxide 4.830% and Ferous oxide 30.523% of the area. This technique involves selecting individual pixel or a cluster of pixels with known geologic significance and using these as training sites to locate regions with similar spectral characteristics. This is to enable the identification of spectral reflectance of mineral deposits’ within the area of study, the minerals detected by the use of band rationing RGB composite was then classified using image extraction of Supervised classification (Maximum Likelihood), the method helps in identifying alteration zones in the studied area by virtue of the resulted classified classes. The band rationing method was used to create the False Colour Composite (FCC) of the image using Chica-Olma ratio (5/7:5/4:3/1) RGB. The conventional method for hydrothermal altered/Mineral deposits using Lands at TM image is an effective tool in the field of Remote Sensing.
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